Yuan Jiang (c. 1680–c. 1755) is a painter, well-know for his rule-line architectural landscapes. The stylistic development of the artist has been studied by art historians. However, most of the studies of Yuan Jiang’s works focused on his landscapes of architectural fantasy of ancient palaces or fairyland. His a few works depicting real environments were not adequately treated. One such work is his "Dong yuan sheng gai tu," or The Wonders of the Eastern Garden. Dong yuan, or Eastern Garden, was a landscape garden east of the city of Yangzhou. The garden was built in the reign of the emperor Kangxi (1662–1722) by its owner Qiao Yu, who later commissioned Yuan Jiang to create the painting.

The rule-line painting peaked in the Song and Yuan dynasties as a great tradition. It is known for the fidelity to the architectural construction of buildings. An accurate scaling system was believed to have been used by artists to achieve great realism. Although this great tradition deteriorated in the Ming and Qing times, Yuan Jiang’s works have been seen as an exception in his time, because Yuan was believed to have learned his art from some ancient masterpieces. This claim about Yuan’s work can be supported by the fact that the buildings depicted in the "Dong yuan sheng gai tu" look indeed convincingly real and correct in construction.

In order to determine how accurate the architectural depiction of this painting really is, this study compares the depicted buildings in the "Dong yuan sheng gai tu" with similar structures in existing traditional gardens in Yangzhou as well as the Qing building standard. The focus is on the proportions of the building structures. This study reveals that the buildings of the painting match satisfactorily with both the buildings in real gardens and calculations based on the Qing building standard. In the process of study, a consistent reduction ratio of axonometric projection is also found in Yuan’s paintings.

Bent Nielsen, University of Copenhagen

The Yi jing has a strong reputation for being inscrutably and inaccessibly mysterious and forbidden. The need for a reference work in English based on Chinese primary and secondary sources and incorporating Chinese text has long been felt. I have for some time worked on a research companion which attempts to explain key phrases, technical terms, various tabulations and charts of the trigrams and hexagrams as well as other important cosmological charts associated with the Yi jing. The present poster session presents sample pages showing how the work arranges these concepts in diagrams for clarity and easy reference. It also illustrates how various entries are interrelated and provided with bibliographical information and references to cognate ideas, charts, diagrams. Furthermore, when applicable, each entry differentiates between the various layers of interpretation thus introducing a dimension of depth in the understanding of the Yi jing. This greatly enhances the appreciation of a particular reference to or quotation from the Yi jing in a specific context.

Robert John Perrins, Acadia University, Nova Scotia

China’s Northeast (Dongbei), more commonly referred to as Manchuria (or Manshu in Japanese), was under Japanese colonial control for much of the early twentieth century. In many ways, the region was the jewel of the Japanese empire—a vast storehouse of natural resources and seemingly unlimited agricultural and industrial potential. Agents of the Japanese colonial administration worked hard to build Manchuria into a showcase that they hoped would not only strengthen the economy of the Home Islands, but also demonstrate to the West that modern Japan had come of age. A key component in this effort was the development of modern medical facilities.

In two of the most important cities in the region, Shenyang (Mukden) and Dalian (Dairen), various colonial agencies worked together to establish modern hospitals and medical colleges. The result was construction of the South Manchuria Railway Company’s (or Mantetsu in Japanese) hospital in Dalian, and the Manchurian Medical College located in Shenyang. The Dalian hospital was opened in 1927, and Japanese colonial officials proudly boasted that it was the largest public hospital in northern China at the time. During the next eighteen years the facility treated tens of thousands of patients annually, but as was the case with many of the benefits that accompanied Japanese rule, the majority of those who benefited were Japanese or from the elite levels of Chinese collaborators. A similar comment can be made regarding the medical college in Shenyang, which trained hundreds of doctors and medical inspectors for both the Japanese colonial administration and army in northeastern China. These Manchurian doctors staffed the region’s hospitals and conducted yearly campaigns against infectious diseases.

This poster presentation focuses on the medical history of life in Dalian during its ‘boom years’ of the 1910s and 1920s. By centering its examination on the history of this port city, the proposed poster presents a case study of the Japanese healthcare system in occupied Manchuria during the first half of the twentieth century. In his seminal study, Republic China, Health and National Reconstruction in Nationalist China (1995), Ka-che Yip refers to the situation in Manchuria only three times. Only two scholars, Kawahito Sadao (a Japanese physician employed by the colonial authorities during the 1930s) and Guo Yongtian (currently Dean of the Dalian Medical College), and have published even preliminary studies on the issue of medical care during Manchuria’s colonial period. Doctor Kawahito’s early study, Kanto-shu kyu Mantetsu fuzoku chi zai ju, Shinajin hoken tokei kenkyu [Research on the Vital Statistics of Chinese in the Guandong Territory and Lands Attached to the South Manchuria Railway] (1934) presents a good general survey on medical issues relating to the region’s Chinese population. Professor Guo’s more recent work emphasizes the development of medical infrastructures during the period of the Japanese occupation of southern Manchuria (one is referred to the collected volume, Riben qinzhan Lüda sishinian shi [The Forty-Year History of Japan’s Occupation of Lüshun and Dalian] (1991)). The poster utilizes these studies, as well as materials from the Liaoning Provincial Archives, the Dalian Municipal Library, the National Archive in Washington, D.C., and the Harvard Medical Library, to establish the framework for a new major study on the history of colonial healthcare in Manchuria. In particular the poster utilizes the following primary materials in order to reconstruct the medical history of Dalian: weekly U.S. consular sanitation reports from Dalian (selected years 1915–1930; housed in the State Department Records at the National Archive); Polyclinical Dairen (1922–1926; a publication of the research staff of the Dalian Hospital); local newspapers including the Manchuria Daily News (1910–1930) and the Manshu nichinichi shimbun (various years), and annual reports on health, labor, and municipal affairs published by the Guandong colonial authorities in Dalian. This proposed poster on the medical history of Dalian would help to illuminate the social history of life in Manchuria’s most important port city during the period of Japanese colonial rule.

This poster will present my findings using a variety of techniques. A brief narrative and research bibliography will be accompanied by the following materials: (1) charts and graphs will plot the various diseases that were prevalent in the port city (by year, month, and mortality rates); (2) maps of the city showing residential areas [for both the port’s Chinese and Japanese populations] will be mounted; and (3) black and white archival photographs of the Dalian Hospital, its staff, and clinical examples of the various diseases will also be displayed.

Marilyn Levine, Lewis and Clark State College

While biography and autobiography as genres have undergone theoretical revolutions in the 20th century, historians generally have not joined the campaign. Utilizing Chinese concepts of chronicling a life (nianpu) along with literary plot and discourse theory, this paper will argue for an historical "chronotope" analytical approach based on chronos (time) and topos (place) for the genre of biography.

A chronotope framework was developed for the life of Wang Guangqi (1892–1936), one of the leaders of the New Culture Movement (1915–1921). Wang Guangqi is an emblem of the issues surrounding twentieth-century Chinese identity. Caught between the old and the new, Wang was the key founder of the Young China Study Association and a promoter of the New Culture Movement (1915–1921). Unlike many of his closest friends, he eschewed politics and political organizations. Passionate about modernizing China, Wang Guangqi wrote several hundred articles and essays, and over thirty books. He was dedicated to bringing about social change through building a common Chinese culture that was viable in the modern world and based on a foundation of a self-assured and pure Chinese youth. In the realm of culture and politics that emerged from the New Culture Movement, Wang was perhaps the most firmly rooted of his generation to the concept of the intellectuals leading the society through personal emulation. The idea of purity within this social leadership served as a leitmotif throughout his social writings and career as a music theorist. What distinguishes Wang Guangqi from most other New Culture Movement intellectuals was the constancy of his position. He exemplified in behavior the purity he advocated in his writings. Perhaps that is why after his untimely death, his friends in China and Europe had his body transported back to China for burial, and why for several generations afterwards, without any political party affiliation, Wang Guangqi’s memory as a cultural leader is still vivid and kept alive, including the continuing study of his musical theories and a Wang Guangqi Pavilion built in his honor in the Sichuan Musical Park (Chengdu, 1983).

This paper will be divided into two parts. The first section will outline some of the issues surrounding reclaiming biography, and highlight a chronotope approach to the genre. Secondly, a focus on Wang Guangqi’s autobiographical sketch written in the 1930s will be utilized to examine the issue of internal and external focalization as an illustration of the analytical scope of the chronotope approach to biography.

Gunhild Borggreen, University of Copenhagen

The Japanese painter Ogura Yuki (1895– ) works in the style of Nihonga, "Japanese paintings," which favors traditional styles and material such as mineral pigment on paper or silk, and an emphasis on uniform areas of color enclosed by dark outlines. The idea behind the Nihonga style emerged in the late nineteenth century as an attempt to formulate new interpretations of traditional Japanese art in light of the increasing international relations between Japan and the West.

In 1920 Ogura Yuki became a student of the Nihonga painter Yasuda Yukihiko, who was one of the prominent second-generation artists to continue Nihon Bijutsu-in (Japan Art Institute) after the founder Okakura Tenshin. Ogura Yuki herself became the first female member of Nihon Bijutsu-in in 1932. Ogura is renowned among colleagues, and popular among the general Japanese audience.

During the 1950s and 1960s, Ogura painted many large-scale portraits of friends and family members. Although Ogura works within the traditional media of Nihonga, her figure paintings are often described by contemporary critics as "modern," both in style and content. This poster will present aspects of the "modern bodies" in Ogura’s oeuvre, accompanied by a selection of critics’ comments in which the works are discussed in the context of "modernism." The presentation will include suggestions regarding Ogura’s visual inspiration in order to approach the artist’s own understanding of the concept of "modern art."

Gerald A. Figal, University of Delaware

This poster session represents one part of a longer project on the practice of tourism in postwar Okinawa as it has developed amid memories of war, abiding foreign military presence, and profound political, social, and economic pressures under the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty. While present-day tourism in Okinawa predominantly means beach resorts and marine sports, I will offer here images, thoughts, and observations focused on historical tourism, especially that which is related to the Battle of Okinawa.

Whether for veterans, their descendants, new Marine recruits, mainland Japanese tourists and schoolchildren, or Okinawan civilians, tours of war-related sites in southern Okinawa currently command a significant share of the traffic in the area and often reveal unpleasant facts about the battle. What forms have this type of pilgrimage and sightseeing taken and how has war ("peace") tourism figured into the excursions designed to treat leisure-seeking mainland Japanese tourists to typical aspects of "Okinawa"—its land, people, history, and culture? The disturbing history associated with these sites runs counter to the beachcomber’s goal of a peaceful getaway from the cares of the workaday world. Yet, etched into the Okinawan landscape and memoryscape, this war history is difficult to ignore completely. As a prominent, albeit tragic, part of contemporary Okinawan historical consciousness and identity, the legacy of war poses challenges to tourism promoters in the public and private sectors. My interest lies in exploring how this challenge has been met by those seeking to package "Okinawa" for tourist consumption and local boosterism.

Mayumi Itoh, University of Nevada, Las Vegas

This paper examines the controversies involving the national flag and anthem bill. This legislation symbolized the Obuchi cabinet’s effort to liquidate unsettled postwar issues that were impossible for decades due to their association with Japan’s past militarism. Conservatives considered Hinomaru and Kimigayo, which were symbols of Imperial Japan and its acts of aggression during wartime, suitable for the national flag and anthem, whereas leftists rejected them as unconstitutional. The former deemed such legislation necessary to restore the national confidence lost in the defeat in World War II, whereas the latter opposed it as being nationalistic and reactionary. While the attempts to intensify the color of nationhood appear dangerous, they do not necessarily mean that Japan will revert to militarism. If the legislation signified an emergence of Japan’s neo-nationalism, this nationalism concerns a symbolic demonstration of the national identity, rather than actual changes in the national defense policy.

Barry E. Keith, Kyoto University

Based on field research in Kyoto’s Tamba Region, this session investigates the formation of local Bereaved Families’ Associations (Izoku-kai) and their attempts to reintegrate public perceptions of dead soldiers under Occupation control. Tracing the building, removal and reconstruction of community ‘Memorials to Loyal Spirits’ (Chukon-hi), the presentation examines the role the memorials played in the Associations’ ideology to regain status within the community. It includes photographs and statistical data on thirty Tamba war memorials, and explains their characteristics.

Their sinographs often effaced and replaced by euphemism like ‘Monument to Peace’ (Heiwa-to), the memorials reflect the postwar political climate. Their removal was a catalyst to the formation of The Bereaved Families’ Associations. At the same time, the memorials illustrate the dilemma of communities caught between local constituencies and centralized authority. The subsequent rebuilding of the memorials was a pillar in the Associations’ efforts to recover institutional compensation and wider acceptance within their communities.

Some memorials were destroyed, others carefully hidden away to be reconstructed later. In one case, the community removed a schoolyard monument. The Association built a ‘Monument to Peace’ in its place, but new constitutional constraints on the separation of Church and State forced the Association to dedicate the new monument at a local Buddhist temple. Dissatisfied with memorial services at the temple, the Association petitioned authorities to rebuild the original ‘Chukon-hi’ on its ‘public’ foundation. The schoolyard monument has ever since been the focal point of community-sponsored memorial services. Meanwhile, annual, private services continue before the temple memorial but lack official imprimatur.

Peter Siegenthaler, University of Texas, Austin

More than five decades since the end of the fighting, debate smolders concerning the ways in which contemporary Japanese understand their nation’s role in the Asia-Pacific War. In these discussions, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki are often used rhetorically to counter accusations of Japanese responsibility for wartime atrocities. The result, many prominent critics argue, is that today many or even most Japanese experience what Carol Gluck terms "amnesiac history" in relation to the war, a selective remembering of the nation’s role in the conflict that facilitates avoidance of the most difficult issues of wartime responsibility.

Japanese attitudes toward the war are potentially informed by a wide variety of sources. The current study investigates one group of sources in which a particularly troubling aspect of the war is presented: tourists’ guides to the atomic bomb sites in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Twenty Japanese-language guidebooks published between 1948 and 1997 are examined as a means of exploring the patterns of memorialization suggested through the years. An overview of the guides reveals dramatic differences in how each site has been and is now presented to a Japanese tourist audience, while a focus on illustrations drawn from the sources particularizes the individual presentations offered by the guidebooks. In a concluding section, developments in the presentation of each site are given a broader theoretical context by reference to analyses, such as ones by Gluck, MacCormack, and Yoneyama, of Japanese cultural dynamics in the postwar period.

Mayumi Takeda, University of California, Santa Barbara

I examined twenty-nine native English speakers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison for the effect of a computer-assisted language learning program (CALL) on the long-term retention of Japanese vocabulary. The participants had no experience in studying Japanese, but all had at least one year of foreign language learning experience. They were asked to memorize two sets of nine Japanese words; one set using the CD-ROM-based CALL program (CALL), and the other using their normal strategy for memorizing foreign vocabulary words (non-CALL). The experiment used a 2 (vocabulary list order) x 2 (memorization strategy) x 2 (strategy sequence) completely randomized design to avoid two major potential affective variables; vocabulary list order and the strategy sequence. The result of the oral recall test given a week after memorization showed a statistically significant positive effect of the CALL program on the participants’ long-term retention of Japanese vocabulary [F 1,25 (.05) = 9.018 (P< 0.5)]. Nineteen out of twenty-nine participants had better recall when they used the CALL program; the average word recall was 4.45 (CALL) vs. 3.01 (non-CALL). Participant interviews and analysis of the recall-patterns suggests that random access to the visual and sound representation of the target words were keys to the participants’ better recall in CALL. Incorrect recalls of different Japanese words for the target word were only observed in the non-CALL method, suggesting that meaning association was stronger in the CALL method. Also, a majority of the participants reported greater motivation and less frustration when using the CALL method.

Kasumi Yamamoto, Williams College

The numeral classifier system, which is found in languages in Southeast Asia, Australia, Oceania, and the American continent, is a unique grammatical system to enumerate objects. However, the definition of the numeral classifier system always has been problematic. For example definitions like the following cited from Matsumoto (1985) are often provided in the literature on the subject: "numeral classifiers are morphemes that occur in an adjacent position to numerals, and are employed in accordance with the nature of the entities whose number is being talked about." Such a definition hardly captures the highly intricate nature of numeral classifiers, because there are many elements which occur in a numeral classifier position and the semantic property of numeral classifiers is not that simple. In particular, we need more well-defined semantic and syntactic criteria to clarify the differences among true numeral classifiers, measure words and repeaters.

In this study, I analyze the numeral classifier systems of four languages from four different language families: Japanese, Mandarin, Thai, and Vietnamese. I first provide a syntactic characterization of numeral classifier phrases and discuss problems in determining what constitutes the nature of numeral classifiers. I argue that the true numeral classifier not only represents the "natural unit" (Downing, 1996), but also provides the [+count] interpretation on the associated Np. Following the syntactic account, I further discuss the semantic properties of numeral classifiers and the universal constrains on categories represented in the numeral classifier system.

Binh P. Le, Pennsylvania State University

The libraries in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam are still in the early stages of development. For instance, none of these countries has a national union catalog. Similarly, it is virtually impossible to locate an article published in these countries, for there is no index to periodical literature. As a result, scholars and students who want to locate materials on these countries must rely on Western, mostly American, electronic and print bibliographic retrieval utilities. The problem, however, is that navigating through the plethora of on-line catalogs and electronic databases is not a simple task, especially for undergraduate and beginning graduate students. This poster session is designed to assist scholars and students in their quest for needed resources on these countries. Specifically, it evaluates the major "mainstream" academic on-line catalogs (RLIN, the WORLDCAT, the VEL, e.g.), and electronic databases (JSTOR, MUSE, TOC, PROQUEST DIRECT, e.g.), and determines which of these are most appropriate and useful for researching materials on Indochina.

Afroza Anwary, Concordia College, Minnesota

From 1947 to 1956, a movement swept through East Bengal. This movement blossomed in 1952 and was transformed into a movement of provincial autonomy after 1956 when the Constituent Assembly recognized the movement’s major demand—recognition of Bengali as one of the national languages of Pakistan.

The major objective of this paper is to assess theoretically and empirically the literature that addresses the question of success of social movements. This scholarly work is provided by researchers interested in social movements of well-developed capitalist and core democratic societies. I assess this literature by examining the outcomes of a social movement in a peripheral authoritarian context. I attempt to fill the gaps that exist.

Using ethnographic research methods, I examine a complex set of questions concerning success, at both the level of policy development and the level of culture, that are connected. I adopt an historical/processual analysis of various outcomes of the national language movement of East Bengal. Although I address institutional/policy changes as outcomes of the movement, the major focus of this paper is on a neglected dimension of success—the broader cultural outcomes. I demonstrate the following cultural outcomes: construction of a collective identity based on common language, culture and heritage; building of united resistance of masses and students against repressive forces by enhancing contact between previously segregated groups; transformation of ideology/belief systems and raising consciousness; innovation of master protest frame; construction of material cultural items; innovation of new, strategic forms of protest.

Kathleen M. Lopez, University of Michigan

This poster presents my preliminary research on the history of the Chinese in Cuba from the mid-19th to the mid-20th centuries. The first Chinese came to Cuba in 1847 as part of a massive scheme to import Chinese indentured laborers for Cuban plantations during the transition from slave to free labor.

First, the poster examines the Chinese in the late 19th-century "world of cane" through a microstudy of Soledad Estate in the sugar district of Cienfuegos, Cuba. Owned by Bostonian, Edwin F. Atkins, Soledad employed a significant force of Chinese laborers who worked under a Chinese contractor named Damian Machado. Through the daily correspondence of the white estate administrator from 1884–1893, we have a view into the living and working conditions of the Chinese. The Chinese employed in agriculture held multiple occupational roles, frequently moving between rural and urban spaces. Damian Machado, for example, registered a shop for Asian manufactures in 1900 in the town of Cienfuegos.

Next, the poster radiates out from under the gaze of the estate administrator and the town of Cienfuegos to attempt to reconstruct the historical, geographic, cultural, linguistic, and imaginative boundaries and networks that provide ground for self-definition among members of this transnational community. Photographs will depict the different "faces" of the Chinese in Cuba today: the grandsons of a 19th-century Chinese indentured labor and a black slave (after fulfilling his contract, the Chinese laborer purchased the freedom of his wife); and 20th-century Chinese merchants, who often married "native white" Cuban women, and their children. Contemporary newspaper articles reveal that support among Chinese overseas for the Revolution of 1911 and the Resistance against Japan was not confined to Havana; leaders from Chinese communities in Havana and San Francisco frequently visited Cienfuegos. Photographs of Chinese associations in Havana, a monument dedicated to the Chinese who participated in the Cuban struggles for independence, and the refurbished Chinatown in Havana will attest to the continuing links between Chinese and descendants of Chinese today and the historical landscape of both Cuba and China.

Dan Shao, University of California, Santa Barbara

This poster session displays how Kawashima Yoshiko and Yamaguchi Yoshiko, two well-known women in Manzhouguo, used and negotiated their ethnic and national identities amid the construction and destruction of Manzhouguo. Each Yoshiko had a complicated and national profile.

Yamaguchi Yoshiko claimed her identity as a Chinese actress with the Chinese name, Li Xianglan, in a series of "national policy" (kokusaku) movies produced by the Manchu Movie Company. These movies presented "harmonious ethnic relations" through relationships between masculine Japanese men and feminine Chinese women. Kawashima Yoshiko was the Japanese name of a Manchu princess, Aishingioro Xianyu, who had been adopted by a Japanese adventurer, Kawashima Naniwa. Her political and military activities demonstrated her resistance not only to the notion of "ethnic harmony" but also to socially assigned roles for a woman. Both Yoshikos were accused of being Chinese traitors after Japan’s defeat in the World War II. Yamaguchi Yoshiko returned to Japan in 1946 after she was able to prove her Japanese nationality with a birth certificate. In 1948 Aishingioro Xianyu, or Kawashima Yoshiko, was executed as a "Chinese traitor" (hanjian) under her Chinese name, Jin Bihui.